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SQL Lesson 11: Queries with aggregates (Pt. 2)
Our queries are getting fairly complex, but we have nearly introduced all the important parts of a
SELECT query. One thing that you might have noticed is that if the GROUP BY clause is executed
after the WHERE clause (which filters the rows which are to be grouped), then how exactly do we
filter the grouped rows?
Luckily, SQL allows us to do this by adding an additional HAVING clause which is used specifically
with the GROUP BY clause to allow us to filter grouped rows from the result set.
Select query with HAVING constraint
SELECT group_by_column, AGG_FUNC(column_expression) AS aggregate_result_alias, …
FROM mytable
WHERE condition
GROUP BY column
HAVING group_condition;
The HAVING clause constraints are written the same way as the WHERE clause constraints, and are
applied to the grouped rows. With our examples, this might not seem like a particularly useful
construct, but if you imagine data with millions of rows with different properties, being able to apply
additional constraints is often necessary to quickly make sense of the data.
Did you know?
If you aren't using the `GROUP BY` clause, a simple `WHERE` clause will suffice.
Exercise
For this exercise, you are going to dive deeper into Employee data at the film studio. Think about the different clauses you want to apply for each task.
Table: employees
Exercise 11 — Tasks
- Find the number of Artists in the studio (without a HAVING clause)
- Find the number of Employees of each role in the studio
- Find the total number of years employed by all Engineers
Stuck? Read this task's Solution.
Solve all tasks to continue to the next lesson.
Finish above Tasks
Solve all tasks to continue to the next lesson.